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Contribution of Foreign Christian Missionaries Towards Education in India
Jonathan Masih
The study focussed mainly on the diagnostic and analytical aspects of missionary endeavour in relation to the growth dimension of education on the national scene; through detecting and examining characteristic features of missionary education as factors affecting influence components in the range of attitudinal change, educational decision-making and educational perception ; beside Detecting and evaluating auxiliary and other ingredients affecting influence components associated with educational perception on the national scene; which involved The treatment in depth of the central concerns of the missionaries and their educational perception on the dimension of probability of the worth of programme components; and The analysis of the content and mechanism of missionary education in the dimension of innovation in education; along with Evaluation of the growth dimension of missionary education on the national scene as predominent influence in the range of input factors to the growth of education in India.
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The United Methodist newscope
United Methodist Church
"The national weekly newsletter for United Methodists."
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The United Methodist newscope
United Methodist Church
"The national weekly newsletter for United Methodists."
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The United Methodist newscope
United Methodist Church
"The national weekly newsletter for United Methodists."
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The United Methodist newscope
United Methodist Church
"The national weekly newsletter for United Methodists."
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The use of business in missions in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Mark Russell
Business as mission (BAM) is an emerging term and a developing concept. There has been much fascination in both mission and business circles with the concept of strategically using business to accomplish missional purposes. Conferences and consultations have been held around the world. As a frequent participant it has become clear to me that though the term is ubiquitous in mission circles, there is great disparity in what it means. There has been much talk about BAM in theory, but far less research done on how it works out in reality. The purpose of this study is to take an in-depth look at business as mission in a single cultural context, namely Chiang Mai, Thailand. This research project is based on a seven month long research project involving twelve businesses and 128 interviews. With a focus on cross-cultural missionaries operating businesses, five businesses are featured as detailed case studies. The research findings demonstrate that there are several key factors that determine effectiveness in arriving at business and ministry objectives. Most interestingly, those BAM practitioners that have a single focus on producing conversions are remarkably less effective in generating conversions than missionaries who have multiple goals for the BAM enterprise. Furthermore, there are demonstrable differences between BAM enterprises that partner with local ministries and those that do not in terms of ministry impact according to stated goals. Tremendous variation was found among BAM enterprises regarding experience, strategy, and results. One of the most striking criterion that directly impacted ministry and business objectives was the level of cross-cultural adaptation. Those with high levels of cultural adaptation had more spiritual influence on their employees and a more satisfied and stable workforce that resulted in more productive businesses. Those with low levels of cultural adaptation had significantly less spiritual impact on their employees and had tremendously higher employee turnover, resulting in tumultuous and unprofitable business environments. Several other issues emerged, that BAM practitioners and mission agencies should consider as well, such as soundness of business model, relationship of business and ministry strategies, and the Thai Buddhist conversion process.
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The United Methodist newscope
United Methodist Church
"The national weekly newsletter for United Methodists."
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Serving Under the Saffron Shadow: Hindu Nationalism, Violence and Christianity in Gujarat, India
PrabhuSingh Vedhamanickam
Hindu nationalism is an ideology that seeks to create a Hindu rashtra (nation) by redefining Indianness on the basis of reIigion and culture. It is a hegemonic attempt to essentialize India as Hindu and to homogenize it under the ideology of "one nation, one religion, and one culture." The 1990s witnessed a series of well-coordinated attacks against the Christian community in many parts of India, particularly in Gujarat, by the proponents of Hindu nationalism. This study explores the phenomenon of Hindu nationalism and its impact upon the Christian community in Gujarat during the period from 1997 to 2007. Contemporary Hindu nationalism has to be understood in its historical context. This study presents a brief historical survey of the rise of Hindu nationalism, focusing primarily on the historical factors and Oriental research that laid a firm foundation for the blossoming of this movement. Also, Hindu nationalism has been portrayed as one of the streams within Hinduism (militant Hinduism) in this study, in order to avoid stereotyping all of Hinduism. The works of core ideologues - Dayananda Saraswati, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar - as well as some of the contemporary ideologues and practitioners of Hindu nationalism are analyzed and some of their teachings are highlighted in order to grasp the ideological foundation of Hindu nationalism and arrive at a comprehensive picture of the current scenario. Hindu nationalism has made a significant impact upon the Christian community in Gujarat. Important discoveries regarding the various types of persecution, reasons for it, and the rhetorical strategies of justification as enunciated by the Hindu nationalists, as well as the resources of the Christian community that enabled them to cope with persecution are explored in this study. Conversion is probably the central and the most controversial issue in the conflict between the Hindu nationalists and Christians. Therefore, this study traces some of the historic controversies over this issue and also presents various reasons as to why the tribal community in Gujarat choose to follow Christ. The Hindu nationalists' stereotyping of the Christian community is also a critical issue and this study engages some of their criticisms, and attempts to deconstruct some of their caricaturing of the Christians in India. This study arrives at a conclusion that since the phenomenal rise of Hindutva in the 1990s, the context in which Christians live and serve has radically changed in many parts of India, particularly in places like Gujarat where the Hindu nationalists have a firm foundation. Therefore, this study offers some of the missiological challenges and the implications - for both the local and global church - of serving in this matrix of marginalization created by the Hindu nationalists.
Thesis (Ph. D.);
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Good News to the poor: A model for holistic ministry in Bunyore, Kenya
Moses Alela
This study details a model for holistic Christian ministry which can be adopted by churches to help alleviate extreme poverty in Bunyore, Kenya. The model presented here is faithful to biblical truth and culturally relevant. If well implemented, the model can help Christians in Bunyore meet both their spiritual and physical needs, thereby demonstrating that Good News is indeed good to those in extreme poverty. The model has a spiritual element which makes it Holistic Christian Transformational Development (as it is termed here). This model stands in distinction from other models introduced by secular bodies which lack this spiritual element, thereby not qualifying as holistic Christian ministry. The aim of the model in this study is to help churches in Bunyore recover the apostolic way of doing ministry in a context of extreme poverty. The apostolic way is rooted and modeled in very early Christianity in which people's spiritual and physical needs were both taken seriously and met in a culturally relevant manner. The findings documented in this study are a result of an analysis of data collected using interviews, focus groups, participant observation and library research. The study employs several theological perspectives, including biblical-theological insights, models of holistic development, Neocolonial Theory, and Transformational Leadership Theory. This study discusses a range of factors which contribute to extreme poverty. It also discusses the survival mechanisms improvised by communities studied in order to cope with food scarcity. It documents a serious gender and age imbalance in Bunyore, women and youth being largely excluded from important community decision-making process, even though they play a crucial role in extreme poverty alleviation. A brief description of Bunyore as the focus area in this study and Abanyole community as the people group occupying this area has been given. The study found that the majority of the churches in Bunyore are not confronting the extreme poverty which is rampant. Only a few churches have started getting involved in poverty alleviation and their efforts are still inadequate. In response, the study encourages churches to participate in practical ways. The study proposes and discusses in detail a Holistic Transformational Development model which churches can adopt and adapt in order to help alleviate extreme poverty. Inadequate government effort in alleviating extreme poverty underscores the need for churches in Bunyore to get involved in social action. The study proposes a range of measures which can be taken in order to significantly reduce extreme poverty.
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
David Carrasco
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures is the first comprehensive reference source to chronicle Pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern Mesoamerica, defined as the lands stretching from Mexico to the southern tip of Central America. With more than 600 articles, it is invaluable for those interested in the rich heritage of this land. Encompassing the great civilizations of the pre-Columbian era (including the Olmec, Aztec, and Maya peoples) up through the colonial and postcolonial periods, the Encyclopedia covers art, archaeology, religious studies, anthropology, history, and historiography of the region in fully cross-referenced, signed articles by the leading scholars in the discipline.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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The Balkans
Glenn Myers
1. Overview -- 2. After Communism -- 3. Among the Catholics and the Orthodox -- 4. Bosnians -- 5. Rom, Turks, Millet, and Pomaks -- 6. Albanians.
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Meeting the Challenge of Diversity: Ministry and Mission in a Multicultural Milieu
Chadwick L. Short
This dissertation examines the practices and theology that enable multicultural churches to maintain unity across cultures, while at the same time engaging effectively in mission and experiencing growth. Although the United States is increasingly a culturally diverse nation, only a small percentage of churches are culturally diverse. Although there have been brief forays into multicultural ministry at various times in the history of the nation, such ventures usually were short lived. Recent years, however, have seen the emergence of a number of strong, dynamic multicultural churches. The goal of this dissertation has been to explore the dynamics behind these churches. Chapter 1 of this dissertation explores briefly the historical and social background that makes the topic of multicultural ministry timely and relevant. It examines responses to cultural diversity in society and in the church. Chapter 2, “Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology” introduces the theory that guided the research for the dissertation. The central guiding theory was Berger and Luckmann’s well-known work, The Social Construction of Reality, which enabled research to pursue the question of how multicultural churches are constructing an alternative perception and experience of reality wherein the idea of the church as a multicultural family of believers becomes plausible in thought and realized in practice. Chapter 3 “Biblical and Theological Foundations for Multicultural Churches” traces the Old Testament outworking of God’s promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:3 that he and his lineage would be a blessing to the nations. Working in the New Testament Scriptures, the chapter observes a dynamic tension between passages emphasizing that reconciliation and unity have already been accomplished in Christ, and those that instruct believers to pursue unity and reconciliation. Observations about contemporary theological reflection on these concerns are also included. Chapter 4, “Practices and Theology of Multicultural Churches” explores what multicultural churches are doing and teaching to maintain unity. Chapter 5, “The Role of Pastoral Leadership in Multicultural Churches” examines the understandings and practices whereby pastors help their membership to accept and embrace as a plausible reality the church as a multicultural fellowship. Chapter 6, “Growth in Multicultural Churches” seeks to answer how churches with culturally diverse memberships are growing. Chapter 7, “Intercultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Churches’‘ presents the results of the Intercultural Development Inventory which was administered to pastors and members of the churches that participated in the study. Chapter 8, “Summary of Findings” outlines the major discoveries of the research project and offers suggestions for further research.
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Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
Thomas O. Sloane
The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric is a comprehensive survey of one of the Western world's oldest disciplines. Its 150 entries, written by leading scholars, bring together expertise in classical studies, philosophy, literature, literary theory, cultural studies, speech, and communications in a comprehensive treatment of the art of persuasion.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
Thomas O. Sloane
The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric is a comprehensive survey of one of the Western world's oldest disciplines. Its 150 entries, written by leading scholars, bring together expertise in classical studies, philosophy, literature, literary theory, cultural studies, speech, and communications in a comprehensive treatment of the art of persuasion.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
Thomas O. Sloane
The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric is a comprehensive survey of one of the Western world's oldest disciplines. Its 150 entries, written by leading scholars, bring together expertise in classical studies, philosophy, literature, literary theory, cultural studies, speech, and communications in a comprehensive treatment of the art of persuasion.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
Thomas O. Sloane
The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric is a comprehensive survey of one of the Western world's oldest disciplines. Its 150 entries, written by leading scholars, bring together expertise in classical studies, philosophy, literature, literary theory, cultural studies, speech, and communications in a comprehensive treatment of the art of persuasion.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
Thomas O. Sloane
The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric is a comprehensive survey of one of the Western world's oldest disciplines. Its 150 entries, written by leading scholars, bring together expertise in classical studies, philosophy, literature, literary theory, cultural studies, speech, and communications in a comprehensive treatment of the art of persuasion.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
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Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
Thomas O. Sloane
The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric is a comprehensive survey of one of the Western world's oldest disciplines. Its 150 entries, written by leading scholars, bring together expertise in classical studies, philosophy, literature, literary theory, cultural studies, speech, and communications in a comprehensive treatment of the art of persuasion.
Oxford digital reference shelf;
